Anti-GMO Strategies and Frames: Global Trends in the Growth of Resistance to GMOs
Open AccessDue to the increasing stresses on the agricultural sector that have been caused by factors such as population growth and changing ecological dynamics, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been promoted as a technological answer for problems relating to yield increase, pest resistance, and herbicide tolerance. While this technology has experienced high levels of adoption across the globe, it has also experienced great levels of resistance, and has led to the creation of numerous anti-GMO movements. A discourse analysis of various journals, news articles, and social media outlets was completed in order to look at the spatial patterns associated with the success or failure of the anti-GMO movement across the globe. The prevalence of protest activity in each country was compared to ISAAA data on GMO quantities, crops, and traits per country so that trends in GMO adoption and opposition could be established. This paper considers the role of the actor, as well as the role of the political, legal, and social institutions in place in the countries experiencing GMO growth and resistance. It examines a number of different resistance tactics, paying particular attention to case studies employing the labeling (USA), banning (Mexico), and destruction (France) of GMOs in order to determine why some tactics and geographic locations have experienced success in fighting off GMOs while others have not. Finally, the various framing techniques employed by the movement are addressed within the study so that movement success can be explained within the context of each resistance tactic.
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